Edmund M. Kosmahl, PT, EdD

Department of Physical Therapy - University of Scranton

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 GONIOMETRY WEB SITE



CERVICAL SPINE BACKWARD BENDING (extension)

 || Intro. || || Upper Ext. || || Lower Ext. || || Spine || || TMJ ||



NOTE: The position of the mouth influences the available range of cervical backward bending. With the mouth closed, thghtness of the infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles can limit range of cervical backward bending. If you wish to assess the range of the cervical spine, the mouth should be relaxed and slightly open.
 cervical spine extension goniometry picture
 
 
 
Test Position
  • Subject sitting with lumbar and thoracic spines supported
  • Stabilize lumbar and thoracic spines
  • Mouth relaxed and slightly open
  • Extend cervical spine
Normal Range
  • 75.5o + or - 8.5o (20 - 29 yrs.), 70.5o + or - 17.5o (30 - 49 yrs.), 64.5o + or - 7o (>50 yrs.) (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons)
  • 75o (American Medical Association)
Goniometer Alignment
  • Axis – external auditory meatus
  • Stationary arm – vertical
  • Moving arm – aligned with nostrils
Normal End Feel
  • Bony or Capsular
 
 || Intro. || || Upper Ext. || || Lower Ext. || || Spine || || TMJ ||
To First Goniometry Page
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